Thigh compartment syndrome: Outcomes in an urban level 1 trauma center.

INTRODUCTION: Thigh compartment syndrome (TCS) is a rare surgical emergency associated with a high risk of morbidity with mortality rates as high as 47 %. There is sparse literature discussing the management as well as outcomes of these injuries. The purpose of this study is to review a consecutive series of patients presenting to a single urban Level 1 trauma center with TCS to identify injury characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes associated with this injury. METHODS: A trauma database was queried for all patients with a diagnosis of TCS at a single level 1 urban trauma center between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2021. Demographic and injury variables collected included age, sex, BMI, mechanism of injury, and creatine phosphokinase levels (CPK). Hospital quality measures including time from admission to surgery, length of both hospital and ICU stay, complications, and cost of care were collected. Descriptive statistics are reported as median [interquartile range] or N (percent). RESULTS: There were 14 patients identified with a diagnosis of TCS. All were men with an average age 33.5 [23.5 - 38] years and an average BMI of 26 [22.9-28.1]. The most common cause of injury was blunt trauma (71.4 %), and the remaining 28.6 % were gunshot wound injuries. Within the cohort, 6 (42.9 %) patients sustained a femoral shaft fracture, and 4 (28.6 %) patients sustained a vascular injury. The median initial CPK of patients within this cohort was 3405 [1232-5339] and reached a peak of 5271 [3013-13,266]. The median time from admission to diagnosis was 6.8 [0-236.9] hours. The median time from admission to the operating room was 8.2 [0.6-236.9] hours, and the median number of operating room visits was 3 [2 - 6]. Five patients (35.7 %) wounds were closed with split thickness skin grafting. There were 12 (85.7 %) patients who required ICU care. The median ICU length of stay was 7.5 days [4-15]. The median hospital length of stay was 16.5 days [13.25-38.0]. The median total charges for a patient with thigh compartment syndrome was $129,159.00 [$24,768.00 - $587,152.00]. The median direct variable cost for these patients was $86,106.00 For comparison, the median direct variable cost for patients with femur fractures without TCS at this institution was $8,497.28 [$1,903.52-$21,893.13]. No patients required readmission within 60 days. There were no mortalities. CONCLUSION: TCS is a rare and life-threatening injury associated with significant morbidity. Despite rapid diagnosis and fasciotomy, the majority of the patients have prolonged hospital courses, ICU lengths of stay, and significant costs of treatment. Providers can reference the outcomes reported in this study when caring for TCS patients.

Bone reconstruction with modified Masquelet technique in open distal femoral fractures: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Large bone defects require complex treatment, multidisciplinary resources, and expert input, with surgical procedures ranging from reconstruction and salvage to amputation. The aim of this study was to provide the results of a case series of open comminuted intra-articular distal femoral fractures with significant bone loss that were managed by early fixation using anatomical plates and a modified Masquelet technique with the addition of surgical propylene mesh. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients referred to our institution with OTA/AO C3 distal femur open fractures and meta-diaphyseal large bone loss between April 2019 and February 2021. We treated the fractures with irrigation and debridement, acute primary screw and plate fixation in the second look operation, and Masquelet method using shell-shaped antibiotic beads supplemented by propylene surgical mesh to keep the cements in place. The second step of the procedure was conducted six to eight weeks later with bone grafting and mesh augmentation to contain bone grafts. Surprisingly, hard callus formation was observed in all patients at the time of the second stage of Masquelet procedure. RESULTS: All five patients' articular and meta-diaphyseal fractures with bone loss healed without major complications. The average union time was 159 days. The mean knee range of motion was 5-95 degrees. The average Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) was 49 out of 80. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of early plate fixation and the modified Masquelet technique with polypropylene mesh is an effective method for managing large bone defects in open intra-articular distal femoral fractures with bone loss, resulting in shorter union time possibly associated with the callus formation process. This technique may also be applicable to the management of other similar fractures specially in low-income and developing areas.

Minimally invasive femoral head fracture fixation using three-dimensional navigation: a technical note.

Femoral head fractures are rare traumatic injuries that are usually associated with hip dislocations. Open reduction and internal fixation are performed when indicated, but can be associated with a higher risk of avascular necrosis. We report the case of a 24-year-old patient with a Pipkin type II fracture dislocation of the femoral head fixed via a minimally invasive three-dimensional navigated internal fixation technique. This technique minimizes deep soft tissue dissection to the hip capsule and associated vascularity and allows for accurate implant positioning.Level of evidence: Therapeutic case report Level IV.

Cerebral fat emboli in a patient with paraplegia caused by bilateral femur fractures.

Cerebral fat embolism is a rare cause of stroke and therefore an overlooked diagnosis. Often it is seen as a consequence of major bone fractures or after arthroplasty, and can lead to respiratory or circulatory collapse. We present a case of a patient with a history of paraplegia after a thoracic spinal cord injury that developed cerebral fat embolism following a bilateral femur fracture. Since the patient was paraplegic and with an altered mental state upon admission, femoral bone fractures were not initially suspected. The case shows the difficulties in diagnosing this condition.

Biomechanics of internal fixation in Hoffa fractures - A comparison of four different constructs.

OBJECTIVE: Compare the biomechanical effectiveness of four different bone-implant constructs in preventing fracture displacement under axial loading. METHODS: Twenty artificial femora had a standardized coronally oriented fracture of the lateral femoral condyle, representing a Hoffa fracture classified as a Letenneur type I. Four different fixation constructs were applied to the synthetic bones for biomechanical testing. The constructs consisted of a posterolateral (PL) buttressing locking plate in conjunction with two cannulated lag screws inserted from posterior to anterior (PA) - Group 1; Two cannulated screws inserted from anterior to posterior (AP) without plating- Group 2; A posterolateral (PL) buttressing locking plate in isolation - Group 3; and a combination of two lag screws from anterior to posterior (AP) in addition to a horizontal one-third tubular locking plate - Group 4. An axial load was applied to the fracture site with a constant displacement speed of 20 mm/min, and the test was interrupted when a secondary displacement was detected determining a fixation failure. We recorded the maximum applied force and the maximum fracture displacement values. RESULTS: Group 1 demonstrated the highest overall bone-implant axial stiffness with the lowest secondary displacement under loading. Groups 3 and 4 showed equivalent mechanical behavior. Group 2 presented the lowest mechanical stiffness to axial loading. The combination of the one-third tubular locking plate with anterior-to-posterior lag screws (Group 4) resulted in 302 % increase in fixation stiffness when compared to anterior-to-posterior lag screws only (Group 2). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the mechanical superiority of having a plate applied parallel to the main fracture plane in the setting of coronally oriented femoral condyle fractures. The addition of a horizontal plate, perpendicular to the main fracture plane, significantly increased the resistance to shearing forces at the fracture site when compared to constructs adopting just cannulated screws. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Biomechanical study.

Effect of concomitant deformity correction on patient outcomes following femoral (OTA type 32) nonunion repair.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine what effect, if any, concomitant deformity correction has on outcomes following femoral nonunion repair. METHODS: 605 consecutive patients who presented to our center with a long bone nonunion treated by one of 3 surgeons was queried. Sixty-two patients (10 %) with complete follow up were treated for a fracture nonunion following a Type 32 femur fracture (subtrochanteric, femoral shaft or distal third metaphysis) over an 11-year period. Twenty of these patients underwent a deformity correction (DC)-angular, rotational, or a combination of both-as part of their femoral reconstruction. Patient demographics and initial injury information was reviewed and compared. Outcomes including radiographic healing, time to union, postoperative complications, patient reported pain scores, and functional outcome scores using the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA) were recorded. Patients with and without deformity correction were analyzed and compared using independent T-tests and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS: Compared to the non-deformity correction (NDC) cohort, the DC cohort demonstrated a worse complication profile. Notably, the DC cohort had longer time to union (11.6 ± 7.3 months vs 7.6 ± 8.5 months, P = 0.042), reported significantly higher VAS pain scores at 1-year post-op (4.2 ± 2.8 vs 2.3 ± 2.6, P = 0.007), experienced more complications (25 % vs 4.8 %, P = 0.019), and had a higher rate of secondary procedures (30 % vs 4.8 %, P = 0.006). The DC patients reported less improvement in functional capability as displayed by a smaller average improvement in initial and final SMFA scores (P = 0.042) There was no difference in ultimate bone healing (P = 0.585), baseline SMFA (P = 0.294), and latest SMFA (P = 0.066). CONCLUSION: Deformity correction, if needed as part of femoral nonunion repair, is associated with an increased time to heal, greater rate of complications and diminished improvement of functionality. Eventual healing and patient reported outcomes were similar whether a deformity correction is necessary or not. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Capsular distension in high-energy femoral shaft fractures is associated with occult femoral neck fracture: a preliminary retrospective comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between hip capsular distension, the computed tomography (CT) capsular sign, and lipohemarthrosis as they relate to occult femoral neck fracture (FNF) in the setting of ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture (FSF). DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and forty-two patients with high-energy FSF and no evidence of FNF on preoperative radiographs and pelvis CT. All patients were stabilized with non-reconstruction style nails. INTERVENTION: Pelvis CT scans were examined for hip capsular distension irrespective of the other side, differing side-to-side measurements of capsular distension (i.e., the CT capsular sign), and lipohemarthrosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: FNF was observed for on postoperative radiographs. Relative risk (RR), number needed to treat (NNT), sensitivity (SN), and specificity (SP) were determined. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients (24.0%) had capsular distension. Forty-two patients (17.4%) had differing capsular measurements (i.e., the CT capsular sign), and 16 (6.6%) had symmetrical distension from bilateral hip effusions. Eight patients (3.3%) had lipohemarthrosis. Four FNFs (1.7%) were identified. Three patients had capsular distension, 2 had CT capsular signs, and 1 had lipohemarthrosis. The last patient had no CT abnormalities. Only capsular distension (RR = 10, CI = 1.001-90, P = 0.049; SN = 75%, SP = 77%; NNT = 22) and lipohemarthrosis (RR = 23, CI = 1.6-335, P = 0.022; SN = 50%, SP = 96%; NNT = 8) were associated with occult FNF. CONCLUSIONS: Capsular distension is associated with FNF irrespective of the contralateral hip. Preemptive stabilization using a reconstruction nail could be considered in the setting of capsular distension or lipohemarthrosis to prevent displacement of an occult FNF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level III.

Opportunistic Use of Computed Tomography to Determine Muscle-Adipose Ratio Reliably Predicts Wound Complications After Kocher-Langenbeck Surgical Exposure of the Acetabulum.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether muscle-to-adipose ratio (MAR) along the course of a Kocher-Langenbeck incision is more accurate at predicting postoperative wound complications after acetabular fixation than waist-to-hip ratio or body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Level 1 Trauma Center. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Patients who sustained an acetabular fracture and had fixation through a Kocher-Langenbeck approach from January 1 st , 2008 to December 31 st , 2018. For inclusion, patients had to have a pre-operative and a post-operative CT of the pelvis and a minimum follow up of 12 months. Patients were excluded if an antibiotic other than cefazolin was administered for prophylaxis, if they had a femur fracture treated with an antegrade intramedullary nail, if there was any associated pelvic ring injury requiring surgical treatment of any type, if there were any abdominal or pelvic procedures completed by another surgical service, if the patient underwent pelvic embolization of a vessel, if there was presence of a genitourinary injury or Morel-Lavallée lesion, or if there was a subsequent surgical procedure unrelated to the primary endpoint (e.g., revision fixation). OUTCOME MEASURES AND COMPARISONS: Presence of a surgical site infection or a wound healing complication. BMI, WHR and MAR were evaluated and compared for their ability to predict a surgical site infection or a wound healing complication. RESULTS: One-hundred ninety-three patients were included in this study, and the mean follow-up was 17.4 months. Thirty patients (15.5%) developed a wound complication. Seventeen patients (8.8%) developed a superficial infection and 13 (6.7%) developed a deep infection. The mean BMI for those who developed a wound complication was 35.9. The mean MAR was 0.67 for patients who developed a wound complication versus 0.75 for those who did not. Receiver operator characteristic analysis showed an area under curve for BMI to be 0.717 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.577-0.857, P = 0.006) and for MAR to be 0.680 (inverted, 95% CI, 0.507-0.854, P = 0.022). The area under curve for waist-to-hip ratio was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: MAR is a significant predictor of postoperative wound complication in patients undergoing treatment of posterior wall acetabular fractures. The higher rate of wound complications in patients with a low MAR should be considered in the treatment of these patients and may be used to guide discussion regarding the risks of surgery and the potential use of adjuncts to reduce wound healing complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The Role of Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Fractures With Unstable Implants.

The management of periprosthetic fractures with unstable prosthetic implants is a challenging and commonly encountered problem. It is important to address the many current issues and controversies regarding the treatment of periprosthetic fractures with revision total joint arthroplasty. Key strategies to optimize surgical decision making around the use of arthroplasty and management of complications following these complex injuries will be addressed.

[Augmenting locking plate with autologous bone graft for the treatment of nonunion of long bone fracture in the lower extremity with retaining of the original intramedullary nail].

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical effect of attaching locking plate with bone grafting based on retaining the original intramedullary nail in treating non-union after intramedullary nail fixation of long shaft fractures of lower limbs. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 20 patients treated with non-union fractures after intramedullary nailing of long shaft fractures of lower limbs from June 2015 to June 2020. All patients were treated with the original intramedullary nailing and bone grafting from the iliac bone, and were underwent open reduction plate internal fixation and bone grafting for old fractures. Among them, 14 were males and 6 were females, aged from 35 to 56 years old with an average of (42.2±9.6) years old. Nine patients were femoral shaft fracture and 11 patients were tibial shaft fracture. According to characteristics of fracture end nonunion, 6 patients were stable/atrophic, 9 patients were unstable/large, and 5 patients were unstable/atrophic. The nonunion time ranged from 8 to 12 months with an average of(9.8±2.0) months after the initial surgery. Visual analogue scale (VAS), knee range of motion, bone healing time, complications and fracture-end healing were recorded before and at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 18 to 48 months with an average of (36.3±10.5) months. The incision of all patients were healed at stageⅠwithout complications such as infection or internal fixation ruptur. Healing time of femur and tibia was (8.5±2.6) months and (9.5±2.2) months. Knee joint motion increased from preoperative (101.05±8.98) ° to postoperative (139.35±8.78) ° at the latest follow-up (t=-12.845, P<0.001). VAS decreased from preoperative (5.15±1.72) to postoperative (0.75±0.96) at the latest follow-up (t=11.186, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: On the basis of retaining the original intramedullary nail, the addition of locking plate internal fixation and autogenous iliac bone grafting have advantages of simple operation, less trauma, fewer complications and high fracture healing rate. It is one of the effective surgical schemes for the treatment of nonunion after intramedullary nail fixation of long bone fracture of lower extremity.

Clinical versus radiological method for adjusting rotational alignment during femoral shaft fractures intramedullary nailing and the malrotation impact on the functional outcomes: early results from a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the current study is to assess which is better for obtaining the proper femoral rotation during IMN of femoral fractures, the radiological or clinical method. The secondary objectives were to document malrotation's incidence and its effect on the hip and knee functional outcomes. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with unilateral femoral shaft fractures were treated using intramedullary nails (IMN) on a usual radiolucent operative table. Intraoperative rotation adjustment was performed using a radiological method (relying on the contralateral lesser trochanter profile) in 16 patients (group A), while in 17 patients, a clinical method was used (group B). Postoperative assessment of malrotation was performed using a CT scan, and 15 degrees was the cutoff value where below is an acceptable rotation (group I) and above is true malrotation (group II). Functional assessment was performed using the Harris hip score (HHS), the Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (TLKSS), and the Neer score. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 30.7 ± 9.3 years; 81.8% were males, and the left side was injured in 63.6% of patients. After a mean follow up of 18.2 ± 6.9 months, all fractures were united, and the overall mean amount of rotational difference between the fractured and the contralateral side was 14.7° ± 6.0 (3-29.4), 84.8% were in external rotation. No difference in the mean rotational deformity in group A compared to group B. Measurements were 13.9 ± 6.7 and 15.7 ± 5.5, respectively (p = 0.47). Seventeen (51.5%) patients in group I with a mean deformity of 9.8 ± 3.4 (3-14.7), while group II consisted of 16 (48.5%) patients with a mean deformity of 19.6 ± 3.7 (15.3-29.4). There was no difference in the functional scores between group I and group II; HHS was 89.4 ± 7.4 versus 87.7 ± 8.9 (p = 0.54), TLKSS was 84.6 ± 9.6 versus 80.4 ± 13.9 (p = 0.32), and Neer score was 87.9 ± 9.5 versus 83 ± 12.5 (p = 0.21) for group I and group II, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in malrotation incidence after unilateral femoral fractures IMN with either an intraoperative clinical or radiological method for rotational adjustment; furthermore, malrotation did not affect the functional outcomes.

Poor socioeconomic status is associated with delayed femoral fracture fixation in adolescent patients.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare disparities continue to exist in pediatric orthopedic care. Femur fractures are the most common diaphyseal fracture and the leading cause of pediatric orthopedic hospitalization. Prompt time to surgical fixation of femur fractures is associated with improved outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between socioeconomic status and timing of femoral fixation in adolescents on a nationwide level. METHODS: The 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried using International Classification of Disease, 10th edition (ICD-10) codes for repair of femur fractures. Patients between the ages of 10 and 19 years of age with a principal diagnosis of femur fracture were selected. Patients transferred from outside hospitals were excluded. Baseline demographics and characteristics were described. Patients were categorized as poor socioeconomic status (PSES) if they were classified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) lowest 50th percentile median income household categories and on Medicaid insurance. The primary outcome studied was timing to femur fixation. Delayed fixation was defined as fixation occurring after 24 h of admission. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) and discharge disposition. RESULTS: From 2016-2020, 10,715 adolescent patients underwent femur fracture repair throughout the United States. Of those, 765 (7.1 %) underwent late fixation. PSES and non-white race were consistently associated with late fixation, even when controlling for injury severity. Late fixation was associated with decreased rate of routine discharge (p < 0.01), increased LOS (p < 0.01) and increased total charges (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients of PSES or non-white race were more likely to experience delayed femoral fracture fixation. Delayed fixation led to worse outcomes and increased healthcare resource utilization. Research studying healthcare disparities may provide insight for improved provider education, implicit bias training, and comprehensive standardization of care.

Proximal hip fractures in 71,920 elderly patients: incidence, epidemiology, mortality and costs from a retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The risk of proximal femoral fractures increases with aging, causing significant morbidity, disability, mortality and socioeconomic pressure. The aims of the present work are (1) to investigate the epidemiology and incidence of these fractures among the elderly in the Region of Lombardy; (2) to identify the factors influencing survival; (3) to identify the factors influencing hospitalization and post-operative costs. METHODS: The Region of Lombardy provided anonymized datasets on hospitalized patients with a femoral neck fracture between 2011 and 2016, and anonymized datasets on extra-hospital treatments to track the patient history between 2008 and 2019. Statistical evaluations included descriptive statistics, survival analysis, Cox regression and multiple linear models. RESULTS: 71,920 older adults suffered a femoral fracture in Lombardy between 2011 and 2016. 76.3% of patients were females and the median age was 84. The raw incidence of fractures was stable from year 2011 to year 2016, while the age-adjusted incidence diminished. Pertrochanteric fractures were more spread than transcervical fractures. In patients treated with surgery, receiving treatment within 48 h reduced the hazard of death within the next 24 months. Combined surgical procedures led to increased hazard in comparison with arthroplasty alone, while no differences were observed between different arthroplasties and reduction or fixation. In patients treated conservatively, age and male gender were associated with higher hazard of death. All patients considered, the type of surgery was the main factor determining primary hospitalization costs. A higher number of surgeries performed by the index hospital in the previous year was associated with financial savings. The early intervention significantly correlated with minor costs. CONCLUSIONS: The number of proximal femoral fractures is increasing even if the age-adjusted incidence is decreasing. This is possibly due to prevention policies focused on the oldest cohort of the population. Two policies proved to be significantly beneficial in clinical and financial terms: the centralization of patients in high-volume hospitals and a time limit of 48 h from fracture to surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Non applicable.

Accelerated fixation is associated with fewer pulmonary embolism in patients with isolated and unilateral femoral shaft fractures: A TQIP analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The optimal time to intramedullary internal fixation for patients with isolated and unilateral femoral shaft fractures was investigated by the American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult patients from the TQIP between 2017 and 2019 were eligible for inclusion. The associations between time to fixation and target outcomes (pulmonary embolism [PE], deep vein thrombosis [DVT], acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS], and mortality) were assessed. Maximization of the sum of sensitivity and specificity was used to determine the optimal cut point. The patients were divided into three groups according to different time to fixation intervals. A multinomial propensity scores weighting using generalized boosted models was performed for all unbiased pre-treatment factors between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to clarify the outcomes predictors. RESULTS: The univariate and multivariate analysis before weighting showed that only PE was significantly associated with time to fixation (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.09; p = 0.012). The optimal cut point of time to fixation was 13.88 h. The patients were divided into accelerated (≤ 13.88 h), standard (> 13.88 and ≤ 24 h), and delayed (> 24 and < 36 h) groups. After weighting for all unbiased pre-treatment factors between the groups, multivariate logistic regression showed that standard group significantly increased the risk of PE compared with accelerated group (OR, 4.436; 95% CI, 1.844-10.672; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Accelerated intramedullary internal fixation within 13.88 h was associated with a significantly decreased risk of PE compared with standard fixation in patients with isolated and unilateral femoral shaft fractures without additional mortality risks.

Delays in Debridement of Open Femoral and Tibial Fractures Increase Risk of Infection.

BACKGROUND: Infection remains a costly, devastating complication following the treatment of open fractures. The appropriate timing of debridement is controversial, and available evidence has been conflicting. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of the SIGN (Surgical Implant Generation Network) Surgical Database (SSDB), a prospective registry of fracture cases in predominantly low-resource settings. Skeletally mature patients (≥16 years of age) who returned for follow-up at any time point after intramedullary nailing of an open femoral or tibial fracture were included. Patients were excluded if they had delays in debridement exceeding 7 days after the injury. Utilizing a model adjusting for potential confounders, including patient demographic characteristics, injury characteristics, country income level, and hospital type and resources, local logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the probability of infection with increasing time to debridement in 6-hour increments. RESULTS: In this study, 27.3% of patients met the eligibility criteria and returned for follow-up, with a total of 10,651 fractures from 61 countries included. Overall, the probability of infection increased by 0.17% for every 6-hour delay in debridement. On subgroup analysis, the probability of infection increased by 0.23% every 6 hours for Gustilo-Anderson type-III injuries compared with 0.13% for Gustilo-Anderson type-I or II injuries. The infection risk increased every 6 hours by 0.18% for tibial fractures compared with 0.13% for femoral fractures. CONCLUSIONS: There was a linear and cumulative increased risk of infection with delays in debridement for open femoral and tibial fractures. Such injuries should be debrided promptly and expeditiously. The size and international nature of this cohort make these findings uniquely generalizable to nearly all environments where such injuries are treated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A nomogram to predict postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients with femoral fracture: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The implementation of more active anticoagulant prevention and treatment measures has indeed led to a significant reduction in the incidence of perioperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) among patients with bone trauma. However, it is important to note that despite these efforts, the incidence of DVT still remains relatively high. According to the Caprini score, all patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery were defined as the high-risk group for DVT. Stratifying the risk further within high-risk groups for DVT continues to present challenges. As a result, the commonly used Caprini score during the perioperative period is not applicable to orthopedic patients. We attempt to establish a specialized model to predict postoperative DVT risk in patients with femoral fracture. METHODS: We collected the clinical data of 513 patients undergoing femoral fracture surgery in our hospital from May 2018 to December 2019. According to the independent risk factors of DVT obtained by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, the corresponding nomogram model was established and verified internally. The discriminative capacity of nomogram was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). The calibration curve used to verify model consistency was the fitted line between predicted and actual incidences. The clinical validity of the nomogram model was assessed using decision curve analysis (DCA) which could quantify the net benefit of different risk threshold probabilities. Bootstrap method was applied to the internal validation of the nomogram model. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the Caprini score and the developed nomogram model. RESULTS: The Caprini scores of subjects ranged from 5 to 17 points. The incidence of DVT was not positively correlated with the Caprini score. The predictors of the nomogram model included 10 risk factors such as age, hypoalbuminemia, multiple trauma, perioperative red blood cell infusion, etc. Compared with the Caprini scale (AUC = 0.571, 95% CI 0.479-0.623), the calibration accuracy and identification ability of nomogram were higher (AUC = 0.865,95% CI 0.780-0.935). The decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated the clinical effectiveness of nomogram was higher than the Caprini score. CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram was established to effectively predict postoperative DVT in patients with femoral fracture. To further reduce the incidence, more specialized risk assessment models for DVT should take into account the unique risk factors and characteristics associated with specific patient populations.

Femoral shaft fractures in eldery patients - An epidemiological risk analysis of incidence, mortality and complications.

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed at answering the following research questions: (1) What is the incidence of femoral shaft fractures in the geriatric population in the U.S.? (2) What is the rate of mortality, mechanical complications, nonunion and infection, and what are the associated risk factors? STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: In this cross-sectional study, femoral shaft fractures occurred between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2019, were identified from Medicare records. Rates of mortality, nonunion, infection, and mechanical complications were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method with Fine and Gray sub-distribution adaptation. Semiparametric Cox regression was applied with twenty-three covariates to determine risk factors. RESULTS: Between 2009 through 2019 the incidence of femoral shaft fractures decreased by 12.07% to 40.8/100,000 inhabitants (p = 0.549). The 5-year mortality risk was 58.5%. Male sex, age over 75 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, tobacco dependence, and lower median household income were significant risk factors. The infection rate was 2.22% [95%CI: 1.90-2.58] and the union failure rate 2.52% [95%CI: 2.17-2.92] after 24 months. CONCLUSION: An early assessment of individual patient risk factors may be beneficial in the care and treatment of patients with these fractures.

Outcomes of simultaneous versus staged intramedullary nailing fixation of multiple long bone lower extremity fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Repair of multiple lower extremity long bone fractures with intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation is associated with significant cardiopulmonary burden and may result in mortality. These patients are at an increased risk for fat embolism syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and pneumonia. No standardized guidelines exist to guide treatment of these patients. Further, there is a paucity of data regarding the risk of simultaneous versus staged fixation of multiple long bone fractures that includes both tibial and femoral injuries, as patients with multiple concomitant fractures are often excluded from relevant analyses. Our level one trauma center aimed to identify whether simultaneous fixation, defined by definitive fixation of multiple lower extremity long bone fractures during one operative event, led to increased cardiopulmonary complications as compared to a staged approach, defined as multiple operations to reach definitive fixation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Michigan Trauma Quality Improvement Program (MTQIP) database from 35 Level I and II trauma centers was queried to identify patients from January 2016 - December 2019. The primary outcome was incidence of cardiopulmonary complications for staged and simultaneous IMN fixation. RESULTS: We identified 11,427 patients with tibial and/or femoral fractures during the study period. 146 patients met the inclusion criteria of two or more fractures treated with IMN fixation. 118 patients underwent simultaneous IMN fixation, and 28 patients received staged IMN fixation. There were no significant differences in injury severity score (ISS), demographics, pre-existing conditions, and cardiopulmonary complications between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference in hospital length of stay (LOS) (p = 0.0012). The median hospital LOS for simultaneous fixation was 8.3 days versus 15.8 days for the staged cohort, a difference of 7.5 days. CONCLUSION: This is the largest retrospective study to date examining simultaneous versus staged IMN fixation in patients with multiple long bone lower extremity fractures. In contrast to previous studies, we found no difference in cardiopulmonary complications. Given these findings, patients with multiple long bone lower extremity fractures should be considered for simultaneous IMN, an approach which may decrease hospital LOS.

Gender-Based Frailty in Multiple Orthopedic Fractures.

The 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) has been used as a prognostic tool to identify patients at higher risk for complications and mortality but has not been used to assess the relationship between frailty and extent of injury following ground-level falls. The aim of this study was to determine if mFI-5 is associated with increased risk for combined femur-humerus fractures compared to isolated femur fractures in geriatric patients. A retrospective analysis of 2017-2018 American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS-TQIP) data identified 190 836 patients with femur fractures and 5054 patients with combined femur-humerus fractures. In multivariate analysis, gender was the only statistically significant predictor for risk of combined vs isolated fractures (OR 1.69, 95% CI [1.65, 1.74], P < .001). While outcome data for the mFI-5 repeatedly shows increased risk for adverse events, this tool may over-estimate the disease specific risk factors rather than the overall frailty state of the patient and diminish its predictive power.

Closed reduction and minimally invasive screw osteosynthesis of Pipkin femoral head fractures.

BACKGROUND: Femoral posterior hip dislocation with associated femoral head fractures (Pipkin fractures) are rare high-energy injuries. Published treatment modalities involve conservative treatment, head fragment resection, open reduction and internal fixation, and total hip replacement. The experience with mini-invasive screw osteosynthesis of these fractures is the main focus of our study. METHODS: Seven Pipkin fractures (five Pipkin II and two Pipkin I) in six patients were treated by closed reduction of hip dislocation, followed by minimal invasive lag screw osteosynthesis. Cancellous screw(s) were inserted from the incision on the lateral hip through the femoral neck to the reduced fracture fragment. In all patients, postoperative CT was performed to check the quality of surgery. Active physiotherapy with immediate toe-touch weight bearing was the routine postoperative protocol. In all patients, radiological and clinical results were evaluated with the Thompson Epstein, Merle d'Aubigne and Postel score, and Harris hip score. RESULTS: All fractures united, and all femoral heads survived. Infectious complications were not observed, and no secondary surgery was needed. After an average follow-up of 18.4 months, the average Merle d'Aubigne and Postel score was 17.7 points, while the mean Harris hip score reached 98.1 points. The majority of patients achieved an excellent Thompson-Epstein clinical and radiological outcome. All patients returned to their original occupation. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-invasive screw osteosynthesis can be used for the treatment of Pipkin type I-II femoral head fractures. Successful reduction of hip dislocation and head fracture is necessary for using this technique. Long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm this technique.